The results show the effectiveness of self-absorption correction in the improvement of the analytical performance. Multivariate regression based on machine learning were processed with the self-absorption corrected spectra in order to get a better potassium determination performance compared to that with uncorrected spectra. The self-absorption correction was applied to the spectra for K I 404.4 nm and K I 693.9 nm lines. The present work simulated an online analysis of potassium in potash with a laboratory setup, LIBS spectra were recorded on 27 potash samples collected from a factory in Qinghai province in China with different potassium concentrations in the range from 90 to 97 wt.%. Self-absorption occurs in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis of potash, since potassium is the major element with a concentration that can reach the level of 95 wt.%. ISBN 9783709156568.Potassium is the active element of potash fertilizer, its concentration determines the quality of the product. Struktur der Materie in Einzeldarstellungen. Linienspektren und Periodisches System der Elemente. "The Origin of the S, p, d, f Orbital Labels". Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences. "The Spectrum of ζ Puppis and the Historical Evolution of Empirical Data". The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. ^ a b Mehra, Jagdish Rechenberg, Helmut ().On the structure of the line-spectra of the chemical elements". Lines Of Light: The Sources Of Dispersive Spectroscopy, 1800-1930. "Revision of the Series in the Spectrum of Calcium". Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Washington: National Bureau of Standards. Atomic Transition Probabilities Volume II Sodium Through Calcium A Critical Data Compilation (PDF). "A Procedure to Obtain the Effective Nuclear Charge from the Atomic Spectrum of Sodium" (PDF). ^ a b Atomic, Molecular and Laser Physics."On a New Law Connecting the Periods of Molecular Vibrations". ^ Schuster, Arthur (31 December 1986)."The New Series in the Spectrum of Hydrogen". "Some Recent Discoveries in Spectrum Series". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada. Others followed this use in the 1930s and the terminology has remained to this day. įriedrich Hund introduced the s, p, d, f notation for subshells in atoms. Heinrich Kayser, Carl Runge and Johannes Rydberg found mathematical relations between the wave numbers of emission lines of the alkali metals. In 1915 proof was given that it was actually ionised helium - helium II. This was believed to be the sharp series of hydrogen. Pickering found a new series of lines in the spectrum of ζ Puppis. Īrno Bergmann found a fourth series in infrared in 1907, and this became known as Bergmann Series or fundamental series. Rydberg continued the use of sharp and diffuse for the other lines, whereas Kayser and Runge preferred to use the term second subordinate series for the sharp series. In 1890 the lines that also appeared in the absorption spectrum were termed the principal series. They classified alkali metal spectral lines into sharp and diffuse categories. They were the first to use the term "sharp" for the lines. They noticed that lines for sodium were alternating sharp and diffuse. History Īt Cambridge University George Liveing and James Dewar set out to systematically measure spectra of elements from groups I, II and III in visible light and ultraviolet that would transmit through air. Magnesium has a sharp series of triplets and a sharp series of singlets. Calcium Ĭalcium has a sharp series of triplets and a sharp series of singlets. The sharp series of singlet lines has series letter S and formula 1P-mS. Potassium potassium sharp series Ī sharp series of triplet lines is designated by series letter s and formula 1p-ms. When n tends to infinity the diffuse and sharp series end up with the same limit. The sharp series has given the letter s to the s atomic orbital or subshell. The sharp series was important in the development of the understanding of electron shells and subshells in atoms. The lines get closer and closer together as the frequency increases never exceeding the series limit. The spectral lines include some in the visible light, and they extend into the ultraviolet. The sharp series is a series of spectral lines in the atomic emission spectrum caused when electrons descend from higher-energy s orbitals of an atom to the lowest available p orbital.
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